Early Beginnings (3rd Millennium BCE – 4th Century BCE)

• 3rd Millennium BCE: People first utilize the Citadel hill, likely for religious purposes. Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of a temple dedicated to the ancient storm god Hadad.
• 4th Century BCE: With the rise of Alexander the Great and the Seleucid Empire, the hill is transformed into a Macedonian acropolis, a fortified complex often situated on a high point.

Greco-Roman Rule (4th Century BCE – 7th Century CE)

• 4th Century BCE – 64 BCE: The Seleucid Empire holds sway, likely maintaining and expanding the acropolis.
• 64 BCE: Roman influence rises, and the Citadel is possibly used as a temple dedicated to Zeus, the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Zeus. Roman Emperor Julian is even recorded visiting the temple in 64 BCE.

Islamic Era (7th Century CE – Present Day)

• 7th Century CE: With the arrival of Islam in the 7th century, the city walls are in disrepair. Aleppo’s residents take refuge within the Citadel during the Muslim conquest.
• 9th Century CE: Following a major earthquake, the Citadel undergoes significant repairs.
• 10th Century CE: The Hamdanid dynasty establishes Aleppo as its capital, and the Citadel is further fortified.
• 962 CE: The Byzantines launch a devastating attack, destroying much of the city, including parts of the Citadel.
• 12th – 14th Centuries CE (Ayyubid Period): The Ayyubid dynasty ushers in a golden age for the Citadel. Much of the present-day structure dates back to this period, with the construction of defensive walls, towers, and a grand palace complex.
• 14th Century CE: Mongol invasions under Hulagu Khan damage the Citadel in 1260 CE.
• 15th Century CE: Timur, another ruthless conqueror, ravages Aleppo and the Citadel in 1400 CE. Much of the remaining buildings within the Citadel are destroyed.
• 16th Century CE – 19th Century CE (Ottoman Period): The Ottoman Empire takes control and constructs new structures within the Citadel, including a mosque and barracks. The overall focus shifts from a military stronghold to an administrative center.
• 20th – 21st Centuries CE: The Citadel becomes a museum, showcasing its rich history. Unfortunately, the recent Syrian conflict caused significant damage to the structure, but restoration efforts are underway.

A Heritage Carved in Stone:

The Citadel of Aleppo stands as a powerful symbol of resilience. Its layered architecture whispers tales of conquest and cultural exchange, a testament to the enduring spirit of Aleppo. As restoration efforts continue, the Citadel is poised to inspire future generations with its captivating story spanning millennia.